Productive vocabularies

Including, Making Up
(to express the relationship between a whole and its parts or between a set and its members)

Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
Consist of	Involve	Constitute	Comprehensive
Comprise of	Encompass	Make up	All told
Be composed of	Include	Form	Mainstream
	Contain

Excluding, Not Being Part of
(to show exactly how something stands outside a group or a whole)

Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
Anomalous	Keep out	Filter	Rogue
Exception	Exclude	Screen	Outcast
Egregious	Ban		Alien
Marginal

Equivalence, Similarity
(to describe kinds of sameness, but you want to go beyond basic terms such as like, same, and similar)

Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5
Equality	Parallel	Alike	Just as	Counterpart
Parity	Echo	Identical	Likewise	Clone
		Equivalent		image

Difference, Inequality
(to describe the ways in which things are NOT the same, but you want to go beyond using different, difference, or comparative adjective phrases with less or not as)

Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5	Group 6
Disparity	Differ	Differentiate	Discrete	Heterogeneous	Contrast
Inequality	Diverge	Distinguish	Disparate	Diverse	Discrepancy
					Gap

Change, Increases, Decreases
(to say exactly how something has changed – very much or not very much, in a good or bad way, etc)

Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4
Alter	Transform	Raise	Reduce
Modify	Redesign	Rise	Diminish
Transition	Restructure	Accelerate	Contract
		Expand	decline

Links, Correlations, Happening Together
(two or more things are found together – but one doesn’t necessarily cause the other)

Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5
Link	Accompany	Characteristic of	In conjunction with	Imply
Correlation	Go along with	Associated with	To the degree that	Infer

Causes and Effects
(to go beyond connectives (e.g., as a result, because of) in writing about the causes of things)

Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5
Stem from	Lead to	Render	Favor	Be responsible for
Be due to	Yield	Make	Promote	Provoke
Derive from	Generate			Be blamed for

Permitting, Making Easier
(You want to write about specific situations in which a process is made possible or made easier or faster.)

Group 1	Group 2	Group 3
Permit	Permissive	Consent
Allow	Lenient	Approval
Group 4	Group 5	Group 6
Exempt	Facilitate	Clear the way for
Excuse	Ease	Remove obstacles to

Stopping, Preventing
(to describe how certain factors make something impossible or difficult)

Group 1	Group 2	Group 3	Group 4	Group 5
Halt	Restrict	Forbid	Prevent	Hinder
Cease	Restrain	Deny	Forestall	Block
Suspend				deter